Validação do peso autorreferido entre usuários do Programa Academia da Saúde de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 2017 / Validación del peso autoinformado entre los usuarios del Programa Academia de Salud de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2017 / Validation of self-reported weight among users of the Belo Horizonte Health Fitness Center Program, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2017

Objetivo: validar o peso corporal autorreferido de usuários do Programa Academia da Saúde (PAS), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, e verificar fatores associados ao erro do peso Métodos: o peso corporal autorreferido, obtido por entrevista telefônica, foi comparado ao peso mensurado; empregou-se teste t de Student, método ANOVA, coeficiente de correlação de concordância de Lin, método Bland-Altman e índice Kappa; para mulheres, o peso autorreferido foi corrigido, frente ao mensurado, por regressão múltipla. Resultados: participaram 441 usuários; homens relataram seu peso de forma válida (erro=0; p=0,15); a concordância para classificação de excesso de peso foi de 94,3% (Kappa=0,88); mulheres com >30 anos e excesso de peso apresentaram maior erro no relato (-0,8kg; erro≠0; p<0,01); após correção por regressão múltipla, a validade do peso autorreferido foi satisfatória (erro=0; p=0,99). Conclusão: para homens, medidas autorreferidas de peso podem ser utilizadas em pesquisas e na vigilância à saúde; para mulheres, fez-se necessária a correção.

Objetivo: validar el peso autoinformado de los usuarios del Programa Academia de Salud (PAS) en Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, e identificar los factores asociados al error de peso. Métodos: el peso autoinformado por entrevista telefónica, fue comparado al peso medido; se usó la prueba t de Student, ANOVA, coeficiente de correlación de concordancia de Lin, método Bland-Altman e índice Kappa; para las mujeres, se corrigió el peso mediante regresión múltiple. Resultados: se investigaron 441 usuarios; los hombres reportaron su peso válido (error=0; p=0,15); la concordancia para el exceso de peso fue 94,3% (Kappa=0,88); las mujeres con >30 años y con sobrepeso tenían error en el peso autoinformado (-0,8kg; error≠0; p<0,01); después de la corrección por regresión múltiple la validación fue satisfactoria (error=0; p=0,99). Conclusión: para hombres, puede usarse el peso autoinformado para investigación y vigilancia de la salud, para las mujeres se requiere corrección.

Objective: to validate self-reported body weight of Programa Academia da Saúde (PAS) users in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, and to identify factors associated with weight error. Methods: self-reported body weight, obtained by telephone interview, was compared to measured weight; we used Student's t-test, ANOVA, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, the Bland-Altman method and Kappa coefficient; women's self-reported weight was corrected according to measured weight using multiple regression. Results: 441 users participated; weight self-reported by men was valid (error=0; p=0.15); overweight classification concordance was 94.3% (Kappa=0.88); errors were greater in the case of self-reported weight by women over 30 years old and overweight women (-0.8kg; error≠0; p<0.01); after correction using multiple regression, self-reported weight validity was satisfactory (error=0; p=0.99). Conclusion: self-reported weight of men can be used for research and health surveillance, but for women correction is required.

Factores sociales del estado de salud autorreportado de personas mayores, en Chile / Factors influencing self-reported health in Chilean older people

Background Self-reported health is subjective and depends on external factors such as socioeconomic status, presence of chronic diseases and working status, among others. Aim To determine which factors influence self-reported health among older people in Chile. Material and Methods A secondary analysis of the National Socioeconomic Characterization survey done in 2015. A dichotomous response model was used classifying health status as good or bad. A logit regression model was carried out. Results The model had a good calibration and correctly classified 72 and 68% of men and women, respectively. The main factors that influenced health status self-perception were: not having health problems; having undergone a mental health interview, to receive supplemental nutrition, education, to have a productive work; and to having a social network. Conclusions There are health, cultural, economic and environmental factors that influence self-perceived health status.

Self-reported hearing loss and visual impairment in adults from Central Mexico / Autorreporte de pérdida auditiva y discapacidad visual en adultos del centro de México

Abstract: Objective: To determinate the prevalence of hearing loss (HL) and visual impairment (VI) among adult population from Tlaxcala, Mexico. Materials and methods: A population-based cross-sectional study comprising persons 50 years and older was conducted in 2013. Self-reported HL was measured using the Hearing Impairment Inventory for the Elderly (SHIIE) questionnaire; VI was determined using the Snellen tumbling E chart. Results: 900 women and 611 men (mean age 66.1 years) were included. 481(31.8%) individuals had HL (415 alone and 66 combined with VI). Prevalence of HL alone and together with VI was associated with age (per two years, OR=1.03 and OR=1.18, respectively) and self-reported poor health status (OR=1.90 and OR=3.69, respectively). Conclusion: The high prevalence of these disabilities calls for the implementation of public health interventions that help to reduce its impact in the population.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de discapacidad auditiva (DA) y visual (DV) en adultos del estado de Tlaxcala, México. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal de base poblacional realizado en 2013 que incluye sujetos ≥50 años de edad. La DA se evaluó por autorreporte con el cuestionario Hearing Impairment Inventory for the Elderly (SHIIE); la DV se midió usando la cartilla E rotatoria de Snellen. Resultados: Se evaluaron 900 mujeres y 611 hombres (media=66.1 años). El 31.8% (481) tenía DA (415 sola y 66 con DV). La prevalencia de DA sola o con DV se asoció con edad (por cada dos años, RM=1.03 y RM=1.18, respectivamente) y con autorreporte del estado de salud deficiente (RM=1.90 y RM=3.69, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Se requiere la implementación de intervenciones en salud pública que reduzcan el impacto de estas dos condiciones en la población.

Prevalence of self-reported dengue infections in Manaus Metropolitan Region: a cross-sectional study

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Dengue is an endemic and epidemic disease in Brazil, with a high burden of disease. Amazonas State has a high risk of transmission. This study aimed to assess the self-reported prevalence of dengue in adults living in Manaus Metropolitan Region. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with adults living in Manaus Metropolitan Region in 2015. We performed a three-phase probabilistic sampling to collect participants' clinical and sociodemographic data. Self-reported dengue infection in the previous year was the primary outcome. Descriptive statistics and Poisson regression analysis with robust variance were used to calculate the prevalence ratio (PR) of dengue infections with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Multilevel analysis including city and neighborhood variables was calculated. All analyses considered the complex sampling. RESULTS: Among the 4,001 participants, dengue in the previous year was self-reported by 7.0% (95% CI 6.3%-7.8%). Dengue was more frequent in women(PR 1.51; 95% CI 1.06-2.13), elderly participants (≥60 years old, PR 2.54; 95% CI 1.19-5.45), White and Asian participants (PR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.11-2.23), and individuals who had not received endemic agent visits (PR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.31-3.99). After multilevel analysis, sex was no longer a significant variable, with the remaining associations still significant. CONCLUSIONS: Seven out of 100 inhabitants of Manaus Metropolitan Region reported dengue in the previous year. Dengue was predominantly observed in women, elderly individuals, White and Asian individuals, and individuals who did not receive endemic agent visits. The setting plays an important role in dengue infections.

Diagnóstico médico autorreferido de doença cardíaca e fatores de risco associados: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / Self-reported medical diagnosis of heart disease and associated risk factors: National Health Survey

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar os fatores de risco associados ao diagnóstico médico autorreferido de doença cardíaca no Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal que analisa informações da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), realizada em 2013. A amostra consistiu de 60.202 adultos. A doença cardíaca foi definida pelo diagnóstico médico autorreferido de doença do coração. Foram analisadas associações entre a ocorrência de doença e as características sociodemográficas, as condições de saúde e o estilo de vida. Foi empregado o modelo de regressão logística binária hierarquizado. Resultados: A prevalência de diagnóstico autorreferido de doença cardíaca no Brasil foi de 4,2% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 4,0 ‒ 4,3) e esteve associada a sexo feminino (odds ratio [OR] = 1,1; IC95% 1,1 ‒ 1,1), idade igual ou maior que 65 anos (OR = 4,7; IC95% 3,3 ‒ 5,6), avaliação do estado de saúde ruim/muito ruim (OR = 4,1; IC95% 3,5 ‒ 4,6) e regular (OR = 2,4; IC95% 2,2 ‒ 2,7), indivíduos hipertensos (OR = 2,4; IC95% 2,2 ‒ 2,7), colesterol elevado (OR = 1,6; IC95% 1,5 ‒ 1,8), sobrepeso (OR = 1,5; IC95% 1,4 ‒ 1,8) e obesidade (OR = 2,0; IC95% 1,7 ‒ 2,2), insuficientemente ativo nos quatro domínios (OR = 1,5; IC95% 1,02 ‒ 2,1), ser ex-fumante (OR = 1,4; IC95% 1,3 ‒ 1,6) ou ser fumante (OR = 1,2; IC95% 1,03 ‒ 1,3) e consumir frutas e hortaliças 5 ou mais dias da semana (OR = 1,5; IC95% 1,1 ‒ 1,5). Conclusão: A importância do conhecimento da prevalência de doença cardíaca e fatores de riscos associados no atual contexto epidemiológico brasileiro deve ser ressaltada para orientar as ações de prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares, que representam a primeira causa de óbito no Brasil e no mundo.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the risk factors associated with the self-reported medical diagnosis of heart disease in Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, analyzing information from 60,202 adult participants of the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2013. Heart disease was defined by self-reported medical diagnosis of heart disease. We analyzed associations between the occurrence of disease and sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions and lifestyle. A hierarchical binary logistic regression model was used. Results: The prevalence of self-reported diagnosis of heart disease in Brazil was 4.2% (confidence interval of 95% [95%CI] 4.0 ‒ 4.3) and was associated with females (odds ratio [OR] = 1.1; 95%CI 1.1 ‒ 1.1), people 65 years old or older (OR = 4.7; 95%CI 3.3 ‒ 5.6), poor or very poor health conditions (OR = 4.1; 95%CI 3.5 ‒ 4.6) and fair health conditions (OR = 2.4; 95%CI 2.2 ‒ 2.7), hypertensive individuals (OR = 2.4; 95%CI 2.2 ‒ 2.7), those with increased cholesterol (OR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.5 ‒ 1.8), overweight individuals (OR = 1.5; 95%CI 1.4 ‒ 1.8) and obese individuals (OR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.7 ‒ 2.2), sedentary behavior (OR = 1.5; 95%CI 1.02 ‒ 2.1), former smokers (OR = 1.4; 95%CI 1.3 ‒ 1.6) or current smokers (OR = 1.2; 95%CI 1.03 ‒ 1.3) and the consumption of fruits and vegetables 5 or more days each week (OR = 1.5; 95%CI 1.1 ‒ 1.5). Conclusion: The importance of knowledge on the prevalence of heart disease and associated risk factors in the present Brazilian epidemiological context must be emphasized because it guides actions to control and prevent cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death in Brazil and worldwide.

Prevalência da hipertensão arterial segundo diferentes critérios diagnósticos, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / Prevalence of arterial hypertension according to different diagnostic criteria, National Health Survey

RESUMO: Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência populacional de hipertensão arterial em adultos, segundo diferentes critérios diagnósticos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, que analisa informações da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013, que consistiu em entrevistas, medidas físicas e laboratoriais da população brasileira (n = 60.202). A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi definida segundo três critérios diagnósticos: hipertensão autorreferida; medida por instrumento (pressão arterial ≥ 140/90 mmHg); medida e/ou em uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. Foram estimadas as prevalências de hipertensão arterial segundo os três critérios diagnósticos e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: As prevalências de hipertensão arterial encontradas foram: 21,4% (IC95% 20,8 - 22,0) utilizando-se o critério autorreferido, 22,8% (IC95% 22,1 - 23,4) para hipertensão arterial medida e 32,3% (IC95% 31,7 - 33,0) para hipertensão arterial medida e/ou relato de uso de medicação. As mulheres apresentaram prevalências de hipertensão mais elevadas no critério autorreferido (24,2%; IC95% 23,4 - 24,9). Entre os homens, a prevalência foi maior no critério hipertensão arterial medida (25,8%; IC95% 24,8 - 26,7). Utilizando os três critérios, a hipertensão arterial aumentou com a idade, foi mais frequente na região urbana e maior nas regiões sudeste e sul, em relação à média do país e às demais regiões. Conclusão: Estes resultados são importantes para apoiar políticas que visem atingir a meta da Organização Mundial de Saúde de redução da hipertensão em 25% na próxima década.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To determine the population prevalence of arterial hypertension in adults according to different diagnostic criteria. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, analyzing information from the Brazilian National Health Survey in 2013, consisted of interviews, physical and laboratory measurements (n = 60,202). The prevalence of hypertension was defined according to three diagnostic criteria: self-reported; measured by instrument (blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg); measured and/or using medication. Prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were estimated by the three diagnostic criteria of hypertension. Results: The high blood pressure measurements were: 21.4% (95%CI 20.8 - 22.0) using the criterion self-reported; 22.8% (95%CI 22.1 - 23.4) by measured hypertension; and 32.3% (95%CI 31.7 - 33.0) by measured hypertension and/or reported use of medication. Women presented higher prevalence for the self-reported criterion (24.2%; 95%CI 23.4 - 24.9) and men, for the measured criterion (25.8%; 95%CI 24.8 - 26.8). Hypertension increases with age and is more frequent in urban areas. Using these three criteria, the hypertension was higher in the Southeast and South regions, in relation to the average of the country and the other regions. Using these three criteria, hypertension increased with age, was more frequent in urban areas and in the Southeast and South regions, in relation to the average of the country and the other regions. Conclusion: These findings are important to support policies that aim to achieve the World Health Organization's goal of reducing hypertension by 25% over the next decade.

Social Conduct Scale (SCS): a psychometric investigation

Abstract The social conduct of an individual comprises all the interpersonal behaviors that he or she exhibits in the social contexts he or she is exposed to. The Social Conduct Scale (SCS) is a self-report instrument developed to provide researchers and clinicians with information on prosocial, antisocial and oppositional-defiant tendencies of Portuguese-speaking children and adolescents. In the present study, we conducted an analysis of the criterion validity of the SCS by comparing the scores obtained from a large population-based sample (N= 1,172) against an offender (N= 129), a scholar (N= 31), and a clinic-referred (N= 24) sample of adolescents with marked previous conduct problems. As expected, antisocial youths had significantly higher means on antisocial behaviors and lower means on prosocial tendencies when compared to the population-based sample. Overall, findings supported the hypothesized criterion validity of the SCS. The instrument might play a role as a helpful resource for researchers, clinicians and practitioners interested in assessing the social conduct of Brazilian children and adolescents. (AU)

Self-report personality tests and medical school selection

Background: There has been a growing interest on the assessment of personality when selecting medical students. However, how faking may affect its usefulness has been poorly addressed. Therefore, we aimed to assess the faking effect on self-report personality tests in the selection process of graduates to a medical school. Methods: Sixty-seven graduates admitted as medical students completed the 60-item NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability short-form scale at the stage of applying (baseline assessment) and after they had already been admitted (follow-up assessment). Reliability was assessed by the intra-class correlation coefficient and means of the personality traits compared by two paired sample t tests. Results: At baseline assessment, the participants showed higher scores on the conscientiousness and lower scores on the neuroticism traits, respectively, 40.3 vs. 38.5 (p= 0.026) and 17.0 vs. 18.5 (p= 0.089). Also, at the follow-up assessment, the participants with low social desirability scored higher on the traits of openness to experience (−1.63 vs. 1.12, p= 0.036), conscientiousness (−3.09 vs. 0.03, p= 0.022), and neuroticism (3.88 vs. −0.69, p= 0.012). Conclusions: Our study does not suggest the use of self-report personality assessment in medical student's selection as it can be faked particularly among applicants with low social desirability. Research is required to evaluate the faking effect on indirect personality assessment, namely through the tools that aim to select non-academic characteristics. (AU)

Are self reported morbidities deceptive in measuring socio-economic inequalities.

Background & objectives: The ambiguity and variability in existing literature on the magnitude of socio-economic inequality in self-reported morbidities makes it difficult to set priorities in health policy. This study examined three critical research questions: first, how far self-reporting affects measuring socio-economic inequalities in case of obstetric morbidities. Second, does using simple bivariate variations mislead in estimating socio-economic differentials in prevalence of obstetric morbidities? Finally, whether use of sophisticated regression based decomposition results can overcome such problems. Methods: The data from National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3; 2005-06) were used, and analyzed by statistical tools such as bivariate estimates and regression based decomposition analysis. Results: Bivariate results revealed that self-reported obstetric morbidity data were misleading in measurement of socio-economic differentials, as these failed to show existing socio-economic variations in obstetric morbidities by socio-economic standing of women. However, decomposition analysis showed that the prevalence of obstetric complications was greater among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Interpretation & conclusions: Based on our findings on measurement of socio-economic inequality in self-reported obstetric morbidity, we conclude that the use of regression based inequality decomposition estimates not only overcomes the problems of measuring socio-economic inequality based on self-reported morbidities, but also increases the validity of such measures.